Hepatitis E

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🦠 Hepatitis E

Hepatitis E is a liver infection caused by the Hepatitis E virus (HEV). It is typically self-limiting (resolves on its own), but can be severe or fatal in certain populations—especially pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems.

🧬 Cause

  • Caused by the Hepatitis E virus (HEV)
  • A single-stranded RNA virus from the Hepeviridae family
  • At least 4 genotypes infect humans:
    • Genotypes 1 & 2: Spread by contaminated water (mainly in developing countries)
    • Genotypes 3 & 4: Zoonotic (spread from animals, e.g. pigs); common in industrialized countries

🌍 How It Spreads (Transmission)

  • Mainly via the fecal–oral route, especially through:
    • Contaminated drinking water
    • Undercooked pork, wild game, or shellfish (especially in developed countries)
  • Blood transfusion (rare)
  • Vertical transmission: Mother to fetus during pregnancy

🕐 Incubation Period

  • About 2 to 8 weeks (average 5–6 weeks)

⚠️ Symptoms

Most people recover fully, but symptoms can include:

🔹 Typical Symptoms

  • Fatigue
  • Nausea, vomiting
  • Loss of appetite
  • Fever
  • Dark urine
  • Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
  • Abdominal pain
  • Joint pain

🔴 Severe Cases

  • Pregnant women (especially 3rd trimester): Risk of acute liver failure, miscarriage, or death
  • People with chronic liver disease or immunocompromised individuals may develop chronic HEV infection (especially Genotype 3)

🧪 Diagnosis

  • Blood tests:
    • Anti-HEV IgM antibodies (recent infection)
    • Anti-HEV IgG antibodies (past infection or immunity)
    • HEV RNA PCR test (detects active virus)
  • Liver function tests: Elevated ALT, AST

💊 Treatment

  • No specific antiviral medication for acute HEV
  • Supportive care (hydration, rest, nutrition)
  • Ribavirin may be used in chronic HEV (under medical supervision)

💉 Prevention

  • Clean drinking water and good sanitation
  • Thorough cooking of pork, game meat, and shellfish
  • Hand hygiene
  • Vaccine: Available in China (HEV 239 / Hecolin), not yet widely available globally

✅ Key Facts

  • Hepatitis E is usually mild and resolves on its own
  • Can be deadly in pregnant women
  • Preventable through sanitation and safe food/water practices
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