Bladder Stones (Also called vesical calculi) Bladder stones are hard mineral deposits that form in the urinary bladder, often due to urinary stasis, infection, or foreign bodies. They are less common than kidney stones but can cause significant urinary symptoms. 🧬 Pathophysiology Bladder stones typically form when: ⚠️ Common Causes Cause Notes Bladder outlet obstruction […]
🚫 Intestinal Obstruction Intestinal obstruction means there is a blockage in the intestines that stops food, fluids, and gas from passing through normally. 🧩 What Happens? 🔍 Where Can It Occur? 🧠 Types of Intestinal Obstruction ⚠️ Symptoms 🩺 Diagnosis 🚑 Treatment ⚠️ Complications if Untreated
🧬 What is Ulcerative Colitis? Ulcerative colitis is a long-term condition where the lining of the colon becomes inflamed and develops ulcers (sores). This inflammation leads to symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bleeding. 📍 Where It Affects 🚨 Symptoms Symptoms may come and go — periods of symptoms are called flares, and symptom-free periods
Proctitis is inflammation of the rectal mucosa, the lining of the last few inches of the large intestine (rectum). It causes discomfort and symptoms related to irritation of the rectum. 📚 Causes of Proctitis 1. Infectious Proctitis 2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) 3. Radiation Proctitis 4. Ischemic Proctitis 5. Chemical or Trauma 😖 Symptoms 🔍
❓ What Is IBS? Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional disorder of the digestive system. It affects how the gut moves and processes food, causing abdominal discomfort, bloating, and changes in bowel habits—without any visible damage to the intestines. It’s common, long-term, and not dangerous, but it can significantly affect daily life. 🔍
❓ What Is Constipation? Constipation is when you have infrequent bowel movements or difficulty passing stools. Typically, it means: 🔍 Common Causes: ⚠️ Symptoms: ✅ Treatment: 💧 Lifestyle Changes: 💊 Medications (if needed): 🚨 When to See a Doctor:
🦠 What Is Crohn’s Disease? Crohn’s disease is a type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation of the digestive tract, most commonly affecting the small intestine and/or the beginning of the large intestine. However, it can affect any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract—from the mouth to the anus. It is a
What is Diverticulitis? Diverticulitis is the inflammation or infection of small pouches called diverticula that develop in the walls of the colon (large intestine). These pouches form when weak spots in the colon bulge outward, a condition called diverticulosis. When these pouches get irritated or infected, it leads to diverticulitis. Causes and Risk Factors: Symptoms:
An anal fissure is a small tear or ulcer in the lining of the anal canal, typically caused by trauma during bowel movements. It leads to pain, bleeding, and sometimes spasm of the anal sphincter. 🧬 Pathophysiology ⚠️ Causes & Risk Factors 😖 Symptoms 🧪 Diagnosis 💊 Treatment 🔹 Conservative (First-line for acute fissures) 🔹
Cancer of the small intestine, also known as small bowel cancer, is relatively rare compared to other gastrointestinal cancers. It develops in the tissues of the small intestine, which is responsible for digesting food and absorbing nutrients. Types of Small Intestine Cancer There are several types, depending on the cells involved: Symptoms Symptoms are often
