👁️ AMD (Age-Related Macular Degeneration) – Overview
AMD is a common eye condition and a leading cause of vision loss in people over 50. It affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision needed for activities like reading and driving.
⚙️ Types of AMD
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Dry AMD (Atrophic) | More common (~85-90%); gradual breakdown of macular cells, leading to slow vision loss |
| Wet AMD (Neovascular) | Less common but more severe; abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid or blood, causing rapid vision loss |
📋 Symptoms
- Blurred or reduced central vision
- Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
- Straight lines appearing wavy or distorted (metamorphopsia)
- Dark or empty spots in the center of vision
- Colors may seem less bright
🩺 Diagnosis
- Visual acuity test
- Amsler grid test to detect vision distortion
- Fundus examination using an ophthalmoscope
- Optical coherence tomography (OCT) to image retina layers
- Fluorescein angiography to visualize blood vessels (mainly for wet AMD)
💊 Treatment
- Dry AMD: No cure yet; focus on slowing progression with:
- Nutritional supplements (AREDS2 formula with vitamins C, E, zinc, copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin)
- Lifestyle changes (quit smoking, healthy diet, exercise)
- Wet AMD:
- Anti-VEGF injections into the eye to stop abnormal blood vessel growth (e.g., ranibizumab, aflibercept)
- Laser therapy (less common now)
- Photodynamic therapy
⚠️ Complications
- Severe central vision loss
- Impact on daily activities and independence
🛡️ Prevention
- Regular eye check-ups, especially after age 50
- Healthy diet rich in leafy greens and omega-3 fatty acids
- Avoid smoking
- Protect eyes from UV light